4-Hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) is a major biomarker and bioactive byproduct of lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress. It is generated when reactive oxygen species attack polyunsaturated fatty acids within cell membranes, leading to the breakdown of lipid hydroperoxides and formation of reactive aldehydes such as 4-HNE. Elevated 4-HNE levels reflect oxidative damage to cellular lipids and indicate increased oxidative burden at both the cellular and systemic level. Because 4-HNE can form adducts with proteins, DNA, and mitochondria, it contributes to inflammation, impaired cellular signaling, and tissue dysfunction. Accumulation of 4-HNE has been associated with cardiovascular disease, neurodegeneration, metabolic disorders, and aging, making it a valuable marker for assessing oxidative injury and the balance of antioxidant defense systems.
 
Signosis' 4-HNE ELISA Kit utilizes a competitive ELISA assay that can measure free 4-HNE levels in biological fluid samples such as urine, plasma/serum, and cell media.